Key Points
- DOD leaders highlight terrorism threats in Africa, Middle East
- US urges African nations to increase security self-reliance
- China, Russia expanding military influence in Africa
- ISIS, Iran proxies remain major Middle East threats
- US supports Israel with missile defense deployments
- AFRICOM focuses on partner capacity building, counterterrorism
- Ongoing US military presence critical to regional stability
- Emphasis on allied cooperation and burden sharing
- Congressional support vital for sustaining US posture
- Whole-of-government approach key to addressing complex threats
On June 10, 2025, senior U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) leaders testified before the House Armed Services Committee, providing a comprehensive overview of security challenges across Africa and the Middle East. Their testimony underscored the persistent threat posed by terrorist groups, the expanding influence of China and Russia, and the complex proxy conflicts destabilizing the Middle East. The DOD emphasized its commitment to empowering partner nations, sustaining a robust U.S. military presence, and fostering allied cooperation to protect American interests and regional stability.
Security Challenges in Africa
Terrorism and Regional Instability
Marine Corps General Michael Langley, commander of U.S. Africa Command (AFRICOM), described Africa as a “nexus theater” where terrorism thrives amid fragile governance. Groups such as ISIS and al-Qaeda affiliates maintain footholds in the Sahel, Somalia, and East Africa, posing threats not only locally but also to the U.S. homeland through global networks.
“ISIS controls their global network from Somalia,” General Langley noted.
Encouraging African Self-Reliance
The U.S. military is urging African nations to take greater responsibility for their own security. Langley highlighted the importance of burden sharing and building partner capacity through training, exercises like African Lion 2025, and security cooperation programs.
“Africa cannot manage this alone. Security is a collective responsibility,” he said.
Chinese and Russian Expansion
Experts warn that China and Russia are filling security gaps left by reduced U.S. presence. China has expanded military training and sought naval access, while Russian mercenaries have become significant actors in various African conflicts.
“There is competition for influence,” security analyst Adib Saani explained. “African nations are diversifying partnerships beyond the U.S.”
U.S. Military Presence and Infrastructure
AFRICOM maintains approximately 6,500 personnel across Africa, with Camp Lemonnier in Djibouti hosting 3,300 military and civilian staff supporting multiple commands. These bases enable contingency operations, crisis response, and military engagements critical to counterterrorism efforts.
Security Challenges in the Middle East
Persistent Terrorism and Proxy Conflicts
Katherine Thompson, acting assistant defense secretary for international security affairs, emphasized threats from ISIS, Iran, and its proxies. These actors continue to endanger U.S. forces, allies, and regional stability.
“State and non-state actors across the Middle East continue to threaten the U.S. homeland and our regional posture,” Thompson said.
Support for Israel and Regional Partners
The U.S. has deployed a Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) missile battery and military personnel to Israel to bolster missile defense capabilities amid ongoing threats.
“We stand shoulder-to-shoulder with Israel as they defend against threats from every direction,” officials testified.
Iraq and Syria Operations
Local security forces in Iraq now lead most operations against ISIS remnants, with U.S. forces providing advisory support. Adjustments to U.S. military presence in Syria continue based on evolving security conditions.
Strategic Priorities and Challenges
Counterterrorism and Homeland Defense
DOD’s primary mission in these regions is to disrupt terrorist networks that threaten the U.S. homeland and personnel abroad. This includes direct action and intelligence-driven operations.
Countering Great-Power Competition
The department is actively countering Chinese military expansion in Africa, which includes overseas basing and efforts to dominate critical mineral resources. Coordination with interagency partners aims to prevent exclusion from vital markets.
“We will work to deter Chinese aggression and influence,” Thompson affirmed.
Allied Cooperation and Burden Sharing
Successful outcomes depend on robust alliances, training, and security cooperation. Exercises like African Lion 2025, involving over 50 nations, exemplify this approach.
“Burden sharing benefits all parties,” General Langley stated.
Congressional Support
Leaders stressed the importance of continued congressional funding and legislative backing to sustain military readiness and partnerships.
“Your support is critical to advancing peace through strength,” Langley said.
The Department of Defense’s recent testimony highlights the multifaceted security environment in Africa and the Middle East, shaped by terrorism, proxy conflicts, and strategic competition. Empowering partner nations, maintaining a capable U.S. presence, and fostering allied cooperation remain essential to safeguarding American interests and promoting regional stability. As threats evolve, a whole-of-government approach and sustained congressional support will be vital to meeting these challenges effectively.